Nigeria Property Centre

Unfurnished Property for Sale in Lagos

There are 70,279 flats, houses, land and commercial properties for sale in Lagos. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

Property type
Flats Houses Commercial Property Land
Browse by locality in Lagos
Agbara-Igbesa Agege Ajah Alimosho Amuwo Odofin Apapa Ayobo Badagry Egbe Ejigbo Eko Atlantic City Epe Gbagada Ibeju Ibeju Lekki Idimu Ifako-Ijaiye Iganmu Ijaiye Ijede Ijesha Ikeja Ikorodu Ikotun Ikoyi Ilashe Ilupeju Ipaja Isheri Isheri North Isolo Itire Ketu Kosofe Lagos Island Lekki Magodo Maryland Mushin Ogudu Ojo Ojodu Ojota Oke-Odo Orile Oshodi Shomolu Surulere Victoria Island (VI) Yaba
Neighbourhoods
Airport Road Amity Estate Baruwa Estate Beachwood Estate Beckley Estate Choice Estate Citiview Estate Cooperative Estate Cornerstone Estate Destiny Homes Estate Divine Estate Eko Akete Estate Eleko Beach Estates FAAN Estate Fidiso Estate Genesis Estate Gracias Emerald Estate Greenfield Estate Heritage Estate Ikorodu Road Iroko Estate Jonathan Estate Jubilee Estate Lekki Epe International Airport Maplewood Estate Maruwa Estate Novare Mall Opic Estate Otedola Estate Rufus Laniyan Estate Santos Valley Estate Shagari Estate Sparklight Estate Yaba College of Technology
Features
Furnished & Unfurnished
All states in Nigeria

22,041–22,061 of 70,279 properties for sale

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Off Plan 2 Bedroom Luxury Apartment with BQ
12 photos
₦185,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Off Plan 2 Bedroom Luxury Apartment with BQ

Introducing off-plan 2 bedroom apartment with Bq located off admiralty way, Lekki Phase 1. Buy your apartment with 30% deposit and spread your payment within 24 months construction period Options 2 bedroom apartment with no Bq 2 bedroom apartment with Bq also available - Features: - All rooms En-suite - European Sanitary Wear and tiles -Fully Fitted kitchen with high-end appliances - Floor To Ceiling Windows - Balconies - Lots of Natural Light - Minimalist p.o.p designs - Pre-wired wi-fi connection - Elevator - Fire Alarm Detection System - Swimming Pool - Fully Fitted Gym - Greenery - Ample Parking - 24hrsSecurity - Ample Parking - Treated Water Supply - 24HoursElectricity - In-House Facility Manager - Cctv - 1 Year post warranty - 0 - 24months Payment plan options also available. Brokers fee: 5% Completion: 24 months

Off Admiralty Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets 2 Parking

Bankofproperty LTD

Contact Agent
3 Bedroom Penthouse
Featured
8
₦360,000,000

House for sale

3 Bedroom Penthouse

CW09636 3 Bedroom Penthouse in Ikate Lekki Ikate, Lagos Experience elevated luxury living in this beautifully designed 3-bedroom penthouse with a Boys' Quarters (BQ), located in the desirable Ikate neighborhood. Situated within a secure and professionally maintained estate, this penthouse offers generous living spaces, premium amenities, and an excellent investment opportunity. Sale Details Price: ₦360,000,000 Features & Amenities 3 Spacious En-Suite Bedrooms Boys' Quarters (BQ) Penthouse Residence Swimming Pool Fully Equipped Gym Ample Parking Space 24/7 Security CCTV Surveillance Well-Paved Roads Treated Water Supply Well-Maintained Estate Excellent Drainage System Highlights Prime Ikate Location Premium Penthouse Living Secure Gated Estate Modern Lifestyle Amenities Ideal for Families, Professionals, and Investors Excellent Rental and Capital Appreciation Potential Easy Access to Lekki Phase 1, Victoria Island, Oniru, Shopping Centres, Premium Schools, Restaurants, and Major Business Districts Location: Ikate, Lagos An exceptional opportunity to own a luxury 3-bedroom penthouse in one of Lagos' most sought-after residential communities, offering comfort, security, and long-term investment value. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Itohan: +234 803 678 3187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Luxurious 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ and Swimming Pool
Featured
13
₦230,000,000

House for sale

Luxurious 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ and Swimming Pool

Luxurious 4 bedroom fully detached with bq and Swimming pool Location Ajah, Lagos Price: N230M Features . Secured estate . Interlocking street . Modern structure . Spacious Rooms . Pop ceiling . Ample parking space . Water heaters . All rooms ensuit . Fully fitted kitchen . Chandeliers . Balcony . Call to access estate . Ample parking space . Swimming pool Title: Governor's Consent, Approved building plan

Ajah, Lagos Added yesterday
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
Suite Enclosures Property
5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex
Featured
14
₦620,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex

5 bedroom fully detached duplex for sale. Amenities: - [1 Fitted Kitchen with accessories - [] Modern Day pop Ceiling - [ ] Detailed finishing - [] Wardrobes - [] Luxury Finishing - I] Luxury Bath - [] Water heater - [] Heat extractor - [] Ample parking space - I]bq - [1 Cinema - [] Swimming pool Location: Lekky county homes ikota lekki lagos Price: 620M

Ikota, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 5 Parking
New Era Properties Pro
2 Bedroom Maisonette
Featured
8
₦260,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

2 Bedroom Maisonette

CW09635 2 Bedroom Maisonette in Lekki Ikate Ikate, Lagos Own this stylish 2-bedroom maisonette located in the highly sought-after Ikate neighborhood. Set within a secure and well-maintained estate, the property offers contemporary living spaces and premium lifestyle amenities, making it an excellent choice for homeowners and investors. Sale Details Price: ₦260,000,000 Features & Amenities 2 Spacious En-Suite Bedrooms Maisonette Layout Swimming Pool Fully Equipped Gym Ample Parking Space 24/7 Security CCTV Surveillance Well-Paved Roads Treated Water Supply Well-Maintained Estate Excellent Drainage System Highlights Prime Ikate Location Secure Gated Estate Modern Maisonette Design Premium Lifestyle Amenities Ideal for Homeowners and Investors Excellent Rental & Capital Appreciation Potential Easy Access to Lekki Phase 1, Victoria Island, Oniru, Shopping Centres, Premium Schools, Restaurants, and Major Business Districts Location: Ikate, Lagos An excellent opportunity to own a modern 2-bedroom maisonette in one of Lagos' most desirable residential communities, offering comfort, security, and long-term investment value. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Itohan: +234 803 678 3187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets
C W Real Estate
5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ and Swimming Pool
Featured
18
₦380,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ and Swimming Pool

Sunfilled--brand new 5 bedroom detached home with swimming pool for sale Location: ikota Lekki Lagos Price: NGN380Million Features: - Swimming Pool - Smart features - En-suite rooms - Inbuilt speakers - Family Lounge - Fully Fitted Kitchen - Refrigerator - Beautiful environment - Spacious Living Area - Secured Estate - Balconies - Walk-in Closets - Walk-in Showers - Bath Tub - Pop Ceilings - Concrete Floor - CCTV - 24 Hours Security - BQ - Water Heater (We have other Properties available for sale, kindly go through our page)

Ikota, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
Grv_owolabi
2 Bedroom Maisonette
Featured
8
₦260,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

2 Bedroom Maisonette

CW09635 2 Bedroom Maisonette in Lekki Ikate Ikate, Lagos Own this stylish 2-bedroom maisonette located in the highly sought-after Ikate neighborhood. Set within a secure and well-maintained estate, the property offers contemporary living spaces and premium lifestyle amenities, making it an excellent choice for homeowners and investors. Sale Details Price: ₦260,000,000 Features & Amenities 2 Spacious En-Suite Bedrooms Maisonette Layout Swimming Pool Fully Equipped Gym Ample Parking Space 24/7 Security CCTV Surveillance Well-Paved Roads Treated Water Supply Well-Maintained Estate Excellent Drainage System Highlights Prime Ikate Location Secure Gated Estate Modern Maisonette Design Premium Lifestyle Amenities Ideal for Homeowners and Investors Excellent Rental & Capital Appreciation Potential Easy Access to Lekki Phase 1, Victoria Island, Oniru, Shopping Centres, Premium Schools, Restaurants, and Major Business Districts Location: Ikate, Lagos An excellent opportunity to own a modern 2-bedroom maisonette in one of Lagos' most desirable residential communities, offering comfort, security, and long-term investment value. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Itohan: +234 803 678 3187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets
C W Real Estate
3 Bedroom Apartment
Featured
7
₦550,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

3 Bedroom Apartment

Modern 3 bedroom apartment Location: Lekki phase 1, lagos Price: NGN 550 million Title: Governor's consent building approval Features: - Sizable living area - Modern fittings - Modern bathroom wares - Rooftop Gym - Rooftop Lounge - Elevator - Suspended Swimming Pool - All rooms en-suite - Balcony - a room BQ - 24hours Security - Ample Parking space - Fitted Kitchen - Security entrance door - Secured & Serene Environment

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
New Adventure Limited
Exquisite 2 Bedroom Apartment
Featured
13
₦130,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Exquisite 2 Bedroom Apartment

For sale 2 Bedroom Apartment ikate lekki - N130M Title: Governors Consent & Approval 2/7/26 vr

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets
Tory's Realty
Luxurious 5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ, Cinema, Gym House and Swimming Pool
Featured
14
₦270,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxurious 5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ, Cinema, Gym House and Swimming Pool

Luxurious 5 bedroom fully detached with bq, cinema, Gymn house and Swimming pool Features . Secured estate . Interlocking street . Modern structure . Spacious Rooms . Pop ceiling . Ample parking space . Water heaters . All rooms ensuit . Fully fitted kitchen . Chandeliers . Balcony . Call to access estate . Ample parking space . Swimming pool . Cinema . Gymn house Title: Governor's Consent, Approved building plan

Ajah, Lagos Added yesterday
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
Suite Enclosures Property
1 Bedroom Flat
Featured
6
₦85,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

1 Bedroom Flat

Affordable apartment in lekki for sale Location: Lekki, lagos Selling at: 1bed - NGN 85 million naira Title: Governor consent building approval Features: - 1 bedrooms - Newly built - Swimming pool - Elevators - All rooms en-suite - Spacious living area - Bathroom wares - Balconies - Solid doors - Closet - Fitted Kitchen - Microwave - Oven - Heat extractor - Parking Space - Serene environment - Secured estate

Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
1 Beds 1 Baths 2 Toilets
New Adventure Limited
Brand New 5 Bedroom Detached Home with Swimming Pool
Featured
20
₦380,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Brand New 5 Bedroom Detached Home with Swimming Pool

Brandnew 5 bedroom Detached home with swimming pool for sale LOCATION:ikota Lekki Lagos price :NGN380Million features: - Swimming Pool - Smart features - En-suite rooms - Inbuilt speakers - Family Lounge - Fully Fitted Kitchen - Refrigerator - Beautiful environment - Spacious Living Area - Secured Estate - Balconies - Walk-in Closets - Walk-in Showers - Bath Tub - pop Ceilings - Concrete Floor - CCTV - 24 Hours Security - BQ - Water Heater (We have other Properties available for sale, kindly go through our page) -tag someone who needs to see this For Enquiries DM Call or WhatsApp 09029099228 please follow @newera_properties_pro , for more awesome listings

Ikota, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 3 Parking
New Era Properties Pro
Spacious 3-Bedroom Apartment
Featured
13
₦185,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Spacious 3-Bedroom Apartment

For sale at victoria island 3 Bedrooms flat available for outright sale at Victoria Island close to the Palace. Location: Oniru Prince: N185m and 220m Spacious All rooms ensuite Fully fitted kitchen Serviced mini estate Flat Fully powered by Solar including AC.Disconnected from PHCN. Secured estate Modern contemporary architecture Serene area Beautiful lighting Balconies Fitted wardrobes Sit out area Serene area Spacious living area * Great neighborhood Title documents: Governors Consent + Building approval ................................................................ For more enquiries and inspections, please call us on 09098586908 08090876670 Follow us on Instagram on Rosemond hills properties Facebook Rosemond hills limited

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos Added yesterday
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets 2 Parking
Rosemond Hills Limited
4 Bedrooms Terraced Duplex
Featured
13
₦320,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

4 Bedrooms Terraced Duplex

CW09634 4 Bedroom Terrace in Lekki Ikate Ikate, Lagos Discover modern family living in this beautifully designed 4-bedroom terrace duplex with a Boys' Quarters (BQ), located within a secure and well-maintained estate in Ikate. Offering premium amenities and a serene environment, this home is ideal for families and investors seeking comfort, convenience, and long-term value. Sale Details Price: ₦320,000,000 Additional Fees Connection Fee: ₦5,000,000 Generator Fee: ₦1,527,770 Gate Project Fee: ₦30,000 Features & Amenities 4 Spacious En-Suite Bedrooms Boys' Quarters (BQ) Swimming Pool Fully Equipped Gym Children's Playground Ample Parking Space 24/7 Security CCTV Surveillance Well-Paved Roads Treated Water Supply Well-Maintained Estate Excellent Drainage System Highlights Prime Ikate Location Secure Gated Estate Family-Friendly Environment Premium Lifestyle Amenities Ideal for Homeowners and Investors Strong Rental and Capital Appreciation Potential Easy Access to Lekki Phase 1, Victoria Island, Oniru, Shopping Centres, Premium Schools, Restaurants, and Major Business Districts Location: Ikate, Lagos An excellent opportunity to own a spacious 4-bedroom terrace duplex in one of Lagos' most desirable residential neighborhoods, combining modern living with premium estate facilities and outstanding investment potential. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Itohan: +234 803 678 3187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
C W Real Estate
4 Bedroom Terrace
Featured
13
₦320,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

4 Bedroom Terrace

CW09634 4 Bedroom Terrace in Lekki Ikate Ikate, Lagos Discover modern family living in this beautifully designed 4-bedroom terrace duplex with a Boys' Quarters (BQ), located within a secure and well-maintained estate in Ikate. Offering premium amenities and a serene environment, this home is ideal for families and investors seeking comfort, convenience, and long-term value. Sale Details Price: ₦320,000,000 Additional Fees Connection Fee: ₦5,000,000 Generator Fee: ₦1,527,770 Gate Project Fee: ₦30,000 Features & Amenities 4 Spacious En-Suite Bedrooms Boys' Quarters (BQ) Swimming Pool Fully Equipped Gym Children's Playground Ample Parking Space 24/7 Security CCTV Surveillance Well-Paved Roads Treated Water Supply Well-Maintained Estate Excellent Drainage System Highlights Prime Ikate Location Secure Gated Estate Family-Friendly Environment Premium Lifestyle Amenities Ideal for Homeowners and Investors Strong Rental and Capital Appreciation Potential Easy Access to Lekki Phase 1, Victoria Island, Oniru, Shopping Centres, Premium Schools, Restaurants, and Major Business Districts Location: Ikate, Lagos An excellent opportunity to own a spacious 4-bedroom terrace duplex in one of Lagos' most desirable residential neighborhoods, combining modern living with premium estate facilities and outstanding investment potential. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Itohan: +234 803 678 3187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Luxurious 5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with Pool, Cinema and BQ
Featured
21
₦600,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxurious 5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with Pool, Cinema and BQ

Sales alert Luxurious 5 bedroom fully detached with swimming pool, Cinema and bq Location: Orchid road, Lekki, Lagos Price: N600M Features . Secured estate . Interlocking street . Modern structure . Spacious Rooms . Pop ceiling . Ample parking space . Water heaters . All rooms ensuit . Fully fitted kitchen . Chandeliers . Balcony . Call to access estate . Ample parking space . Swimming pool . Cinema Title: Governor's Consent, Approved building plan A.Noh

Orchid Road, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
Hodisol Homes and Properties
Spacious 4-Bedroom Apartment
Featured
10
₦900,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Spacious 4-Bedroom Apartment

4 Bedroom apartment with BQ for sale !!! Located in Victoria Island -- Lagos' most prestigious neighbourhood Price: 900m Title: C of O Features include: - Capital one club - Automated Smart Home - Swimming Pool, Gym Spa - All Rooms Ensuite - Fully Fitted Kitchen - Pop Ceiling & Modern Light Fixtures - Family Lounge, Interlocked Streets & More This is not just a home---it's a lifestyle upgrade and a legacy investment. For more enquiries and inspections, please call us on 09098586908 08090876670 Follow us on Instagram on Rosemond hills properties Facebook Rosemond hills limited

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos Added yesterday
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Rosemond Hills Limited
5 Bedroom Detached Duplex
Featured
9
₦280,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

5 Bedroom Detached Duplex

5 Bedroom detached duplex Features - 3 Car parking space - high ceiling living room - Tv console - Family lounge - luxury wood work finishes - car port - white pebble stone designs - staircase sensory lights - Pop finishing - All rooms en-suite - Fitted kitchen - Kitchen store - Wardrobe closet - Bathtub - spacious balcony for small party - luxury pop/light fittings - Estate premium security - clean borehole water Price: 280m Location: Ikota, Lekki Lagos

Ikota, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
5 Beds 5 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Fairpoint Properties Limited
Serviced Plots of Land
Featured
7
₦300,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Serviced Plots of Land

Land for sale Premium Serviced Residential Plots with Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Location: Off General paint road, shortly after Abraham Adesanya, Ajah, Lagos. Price: ₦300,000 per Square Meter From ₦90Million for 300sqm Flexible payment plan available for up to 6 Months. Own Land in a Fully Established Residential Estate in Ajah Suitable For Residential Development Build: Detached Duplexes Semi-Detached Duplexes Terrace Houses Luxury Bungalows Investment Development Develop: Blocks of Flats Rental Apartments Serviced Apartments Short-Let Properties Land Banking Available Plot Sizes & Prices Plot Size Price 270 sqm ₦81,000,000 280 sqm ₦84,000,000 300 sqm ₦90,000,000 400 sqm ₦120,000,000 450 sqm ₦135,000,000 500 sqm ₦150,000,000 600 sqm ₦180,000,000 670 sqm ₦201,000,000 Viewings & Enquiries Rosedale Realty Ltd Real Estate Sales and Advisory Fiduciary Contact: +234 8068677558 Website: www.Rosedalerealtors.com Email: [email protected]

Sangotedo, Ajah, Lagos
Rosedale Realty LTD.
Newly Built 4 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex with a Room BQ
Featured
9
₦550,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

Newly Built 4 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex with a Room BQ

Newly built 4 bedroom semi detached duplex with a room BQ - Fitted Kitchen with accessories - Brand New - Modern Day pop Ceiling - Detailed finishing - Wardrobes - Water heater - Heat extractor - Ample parking space - Secured Estate Location: omole phase 2, ikeja Price: N550M Title: Certificate of occupancy For More Information & Inspection: Call: 08071158189 Email: [email protected] Visit: www.propertysignet.com We Have Other Properties In Lekki, Osapa, Ikota, Ajah, Ikoyi, Magodo, Ikeja, Omole Etc. Just Call Or Send Us a Message To 08071158189 For Options & Inspection. Follow Us On IG: @propertysignet For Premium Listings.

Omole Phase 2, Ikeja, Lagos Added yesterday
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 2 Parking
The Property Signet
Newly Built 2 Bedroom Apartment
Featured
6
₦75,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Newly Built 2 Bedroom Apartment

For sale Newly built 2 bedroom apartment for sale Sangotedo, Ajah Price 75m Features: Brand new apartment All en-suite rooms Spacious sitting room Fitted kitchen Large wardrobe Masters bedroom Clean and calm environment

Sangotedo, Ajah, Lagos Added yesterday
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets 2 Parking
360 Degree Properties LTD

Showing 22,041–22,061 of 70,279 properties

Area Guide

About Lagos, Nigeria

Lagos is a port and the most populous city in Nigeria. It is the second fastest-growing city in Africa and the seventh in the world. The population of Lagos according to the Lagos State Government, was 17.5 million. These figures are however disputed by the Nigerian Government and judged unreliable by the National Population Commission of Nigeria. The latest reports estimate the population at 21 million, making Lagos the largest city in Africa.

Lagos is a metropolitan area which originated on islands separated by creeks, such as Lagos Island, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon while protected from the Atlantic Ocean by long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to 100 kilometres (62 miles) east and west of the mouth. From the beginning, Lagos has expanded on the mainland west of the lagoon and the conurbation, including Ikeja (which is the capital of Lagos) and Agege, now reaches more than 40 kilometres (25 miles) north-west of Lagos Island. Some suburbs include Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry, and more local councils have recently been created, bringing the total number of local governments in Lagos to 57.

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

There are 70,279 available furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Lagos. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.