Nigeria Property Centre

Property for Sale in Ikoyi, Lagos

There are 7,125 flats, houses, land and commercial properties for sale in Ikoyi. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

2,581–2,601 of 7,125 properties for sale

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Off Plan 3 Bedroom Flat with BQ
16 photos
₦400,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Off Plan 3 Bedroom Flat with BQ

Off plan 3 bedroom flat with Bq for sale In the prestigious and serene Alexander Road, Ikoyi. 3 bedroom flat with Bq price options. N400m Outright N440m 6 months N480m 12 months. N500m 18 months Also available; 2 bedroom flat with bq N300m Outright N330m 6 months N380m 12 months. N400m 18 months Pay 30% and spread balance over 18 months construction period. Features. Elevator Swimming pool Gym Well finished 247 security En-suite bedrooms Water treatment Fully fitted kitchen Serenity Excellent rental value Ample parking space Smoke extractor Island counter top Heart of Ikoyi Air conditioning Installed in All Rooms Estate neighborhood Restaurant, Shops etc 247 Power Title: C of O Agency fee applies - 5% Price N400m

Off Alexander Road, Ikoyi, Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets 2 Parking

Bankofproperty LTD

Contact Agent
Featured
₦2,500,000,000

Land for sale

1000 Square Metres of Newly Reclaimed Land

Available land for sale!! 1000sqm newly reclaimed land available for sale. Location: Parkview estate ikoyi Title: C of O * Price: 2.5m per square metres Pet 08033439035

Parkview Estate, Ikoyi, Lagos
1000 sqm
Michfranco Enterprises
Standard 5 Bedroom Detached Duplex with Rooftop Terrace, Swimming Pool
Featured
14
₦1,300,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Standard 5 Bedroom Detached Duplex with Rooftop Terrace, Swimming Pool

Standard 5 Bedroom Detached in Ikoyi with swimming pool, Elevator, Gym, Rooftop Terrace and Bq . Features- -Ensuite rooms - Aesthetic pop -cinema -gym - ceilings - Spot lighting - Chandelier - Sound system - Spacious living room - Cctv cameras - Clean water - Top quality tiles - Pantry - Island countertop - Master's suite - Walk-in closet - Walk-in shower - Jacuzzi - Custom vanity - 3 parking spaces - Secured estate - Good access roads - Flood free -Study room Title: Governor's ConsentI

Ikoyi, Lagos
5 Beds 6 Baths 6 Toilets
Cityprime Realty
Luxury Finishing 6 Bedroom Detached House
Featured
13
₦2,700,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury Finishing 6 Bedroom Detached House

For sale 6B/R detached house old ikoyi lagos price : 2.7Billion naira Features: - [ ] Fitted Kitchen with accessories - [ ] Modern Day pop Ceiling - [ ] Detailed finishing - [ ] Wardrobes - [ ] Luxury Finishing - [ ] Water heater - [ ] Heat extractor - [ ] Ample parking space - [ ] Study room - [ ] Gym - ⁠[ ] 2 Bq - ⁠[ ] Swimming pool

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
6 Beds 7 Toilets
John Akhamie & Co.
Prime Land in Service Estate
Featured
5
₦3,900,000 per sq.m

Residential land for sale

Prime Land in Service Estate

For sale banana 1,000sqm land Location: Residential Zone, Banana Island Estate, Ikoyi Price: N3.9M per sqm Title C of O

Residential Zone, Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos
1000 sqm
Divention Properties Limited
4 Bedroom Penthouse
Featured
18
$2,500,000

Flat / apartment for sale

4 Bedroom Penthouse

CW08795 4 Bedroom Penthouse in Ikoyi Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos An exceptional luxury penthouse situated in the prestigious development, Banana Island. Offering breathtaking waterfront views, expansive living spaces, and premium lifestyle amenities, this residence is designed for discerning homeowners seeking exclusivity and sophistication. Asking Price: $2,500,000 Usd Property Features 4 spacious bedrooms Study room / home library All rooms en-suite Fully fitted kitchen Spacious living and dining areas Premium interior finishes Large en-suite bedrooms Excellent natural lighting Amenities Waterfront views Swimming pool Fully equipped gym Tennis court 24-hour power supply 24-hour security Professional facility management Ample parking space Serene and exclusive environment Location: Banana Island, Ikoyi a rare opportunity to own a luxury waterfront penthouse in one of Lagos' most prestigious residential developments, offering unparalleled comfort, privacy, and long-term investment value. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Rose: +234 814 922 6187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Stunning 5-Bedroom Detached House
Featured
10
₦4,800,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Stunning 5-Bedroom Detached House

Presenting a masterpiece of architectural elegance, this stunning 5-bedroom detached house is situated within a premier, high-brow estate in the heart of Old Ikoyi. Designed for the discerning executive, this residence offers an unparalleled blend of space, privacy, and opulence. Key Features: - Grand Living Spaces: An expansive double-volume entrance foyer leads to formal living and dining rooms, a state-of-the-art media room, and a private study, all flowing seamlessly into a generous family lounge. - Gourmet Kitchen: A fully fitted imported kitchen with premium built-in appliances, a central island, and a separate utility area. - Luxurious Bedrooms: Five spacious en-suite bedrooms, including a magnificent master suite with a his-and-hers dressing area, a lavish bathroom with spa bath, and a private terrace. - Full Facilities: Experience resort-style living with a sparkling swimming pool, fully equipped modern gym, private elevator and a dedicated staff quarters. - Security & Comfort: Situated within a small, highly secured and private estate, the home features ample parking, a lush manicured garden, and backup power supply ensuring uninterrupted comfort. Title: C of O Price: N4.5B For more enquirers please call 08090876670 09167713726

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 2 Parking
Property Expert
3 Bedroom Apartment
Featured
22
$800,000

Flat / apartment for sale

3 Bedroom Apartment

CW08790 3 Bedroom Apartment in Ikoyi Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos a beautifully designed waterfront apartment located within the prestigious development in Banana Island. Offering premium amenities, stunning views, and a highly sought-after address, this residence is ideal for homeowners and investors seeking luxury living in one of Lagos' most exclusive communities. Sale Price: $800,000 (Asking) Floor: 7th Floor Features 3 spacious bedrooms All rooms en-suite Fully fitted kitchen Waterfront views Spacious living and dining areas Premium finishes Excellent natural lighting Amenities Swimming pool Fully equipped gym Tennis court 24-hour power supply 24-hour security Secure and serene environment Ample parking space Professional facility management Location: Banana Island, Ikoyi An exceptional opportunity to own a luxury waterfront apartment in Banana Island, combining elegance, comfort, and strong investment value in one of Nigeria's most prestigious residential developments. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Rose: +234 814 922 6187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
C W Real Estate
New 2 Units of Exquisitely Finished 4-Bedroom Maisonettes with 2 BQ
Featured
18
₦1,800,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

New 2 Units of Exquisitely Finished 4-Bedroom Maisonettes with 2 BQ

Take advantage of a rare opportunity in this exclusive lifestyle property with unfettered water views Luxury Waterfront Living in the Heart of Ikoyi Now Available: 2 Units of Exquisitely Finished 4-Bedroom Maisonettes with 2 BQ Old Ikoyi Price: N1.8Bn Designed for premium living and exclusivity, this exceptional development offers: Breathtaking Water Views Elevator 2 Rooms staff quarter Private Cinema/Media Room Rooftop Terrace on the Pent Floor Movie room Study Water fountain Fully Equipped Gymnasium Swimming Pool Two Serviced Elevators Contemporary Luxury Finishes * Prime & Prestigious Ikoyi Address Kindly reach out for inspection arrangements and further details. For More Enquirers please call 08090876670 09167713726

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Property Expert
Featured
₦3,500,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Land Measuring 2560SQM

CWL1425 Land Measuring 2560sqm in Ikoyi Ikoyi (by Ikoyi Club) Size: 2,560 SQM Title: Lagos State Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) An exceptional opportunity to acquire a large parcel of land in one of Ikoyi's most prestigious and sought-after locations. Strategically positioned directly on 2nd Avenue, this property is ideal for luxury residential development, corporate use, or high-end investment projects. Highlights: Prime Ikoyi location Direct access from 2nd Avenue Suitable for luxury apartments, detached homes, or commercial development High-value investment with strong appreciation potential Serene and well-developed neighborhood Price: ₦3.5M per sqm For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Emmanuel: +234 908 807 2106 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikoyi, Lagos
2560 sqm
C W Real Estate
5 Bedroom Terrace Duplex
Featured
9
₦1,200,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

5 Bedroom Terrace Duplex

CW08474 5 Bedroom Terrace Duplex in Old Ikoyi This luxury 5 bedroom terrace duplex is located in the prestigious residential district of Ikoyi, offering contemporary architecture, premium finishes, and upscale living within a secure environment. Designed for comfort and sophistication, the property features spacious interiors, en-suite bedrooms, a sky terrace, and elevator access, making it ideal for modern family living and long-term investment. Property Features 5 bedroom terrace duplex Sky terrace All rooms en-suite Fully fitted kitchen Elevator access Modern finishing Spacious parking space Contemporary architecture Secure environment This property is ideal for buyers seeking a luxury terrace duplex in Old Ikoyi, offering exclusivity, comfort, and excellent investment value in one of Lagos' most prestigious neighborhoods. Price ₦1,200,000,000 For more information, pricing and private viewing Please Contact: Olade: 08108755286 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Luxury Waterfront Exquisitely Finished 4 Bedroom Maisonettes
Featured
20
₦1,800,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Luxury Waterfront Exquisitely Finished 4 Bedroom Maisonettes

Take advantage of a rare opportunity in this exclusive lifestyle property with unfettered water views Luxury waterfront living in the heart of ikoyi Now available: 2 units of exquisitely finished 4-bedroom maisonettes with 2 bq old ikoyi price: n1. 8bn Designed for premium living and exclusivity, this exceptional development offers: breathtaking water views elevator 2 rooms staff quarter private cinema/media room rooftop terrace on the pent floor movie room study water fountain fully equipped gymnasium swimming pool two serviced elevators contemporary luxury finishes * prime & prestigious ikoyi address .................................................................... For more enquiries and inspections, please call us on 09098586908 08090876670 Follow us on Instagram on Rosemond hills properties Facebook Rosemond hills limited

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Rosemond Hills Limited
4 Bedroom Penthouse
Featured
20
$1,800,000

Flat / apartment for sale

4 Bedroom Penthouse

CW08781 4 Bedroom Penthouse in Ikoyi Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos An exclusive waterfront penthouse located in the prestigious Bella Vista development, Banana Island. Designed for luxury living, this residence combines breathtaking waterfront views, premium amenities, and spacious interiors, offering an exceptional lifestyle in one of Lagos' most sought-after addresses. Property Details 4 Bedrooms 1 Study Room / Home Library 10th Floor Penthouse All Rooms En-Suite Sale Price: $1,800,000 Features & Amenities Waterfront views Spacious en-suite bedrooms Fully fitted kitchen Dedicated study/home library Swimming pool Fully equipped gym Tennis court 24-hour power supply 24-hour security Premium residential environment Ample parking space Excellent property management Location: Banana Island, Ikoyi a rare opportunity to own a luxury waterfront penthouse in Banana Island, offering exclusivity, comfort, and world-class amenities in one of Nigeria's most prestigious residential communities. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Rose: +234 814 922 6187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
C W Real Estate
5 Bedroom Penthouse
Featured
24
$3,500,000

Flat / apartment for sale

5 Bedroom Penthouse

CW08779 5 Bedroom Penthouse in Ikoyi Old Ikoyi, Lagos Experience a new standard of luxury living with this exceptional three-level penthouse in the heart of Old Ikoyi. Meticulously designed and fully furnished to world-class standards, this residence offers unmatched privacy, breathtaking views, and an extraordinary collection of premium lifestyle amenities. Asking Price: $3,500,000 Usd Property Highlights 5 luxurious bedrooms Three-level penthouse Fully furnished and finished Smart home automation Private elevators Two-door access system Double-volume living spaces Floor-to-ceiling windows Skylights in multiple areas Bulletproof security doors Luxury Features Panoramic wraparound terrace Unobstructed skyline views across Ikoyi Rooftop infinity swimming pool Private cinema Dry and wet fully fitted kitchens Premium interior finishes Expansive entertainment spaces Exceptional natural lighting Additional Features 3 Boys' Quarters (BQ) Ample parking space Exclusive and secure environment Prestigious Old Ikoyi address a rare trophy property designed for discerning homeowners seeking exclusivity, sophistication, and unparalleled luxury in one of Lagos' most prestigious residential locations. This iconic penthouse delivers a truly elevated living experience with spectacular views and world-class amenities. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Rose: +234 814 922 6187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Description: 3 Bedroom Apartment
Featured
15
₦40,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Description: 3 Bedroom Apartment

***Semi-direc apartment with swimming pool, Bq, fitted kitchen Location: Banana Island, Ikoyi Rent: N40 million Service charge: N5.5 million including diesel Legal: 10% Agency: 10% Caution :10% Pictures available upon request.

Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos
3 Beds
The Home Properties. a Division of Onozefe Uzuazor Bridget Enterprise
4 Bedroom Penthouse with BQ
Featured
9
₦1,150,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

4 Bedroom Penthouse with BQ

CW08053 4 Bedroom Penthouse with BQ in Ikoyi This exclusively finished 4 bedroom penthouse offers a rare blend of luxury, privacy, and elevated living in one of Ikoyi's most prestigious locations. Spanning approximately 300 sqm across two floors, the residence is thoughtfully designed with premium interiors, high-end finishes, and breathtaking views. With a direct view of the Polo Club and access to top-tier amenities, this penthouse is ideal for discerning buyers seeking sophistication, comfort, and long-term investment value. Property Features - 4 spacious en-suite bedrooms - Walk-in closet - Standard boys' quarters (BQ) - Fully furnished with luxury interiors - Heated jacuzzi - Rooftop terrace - Fully fitted kitchen with premium appliances - Approx. 300 sqm across 2 floors - Direct Polo Club view Estate Features - Swimming pool - Fully equipped gym - Clubhouse - Concierge service - CCTV surveillance - 24-hour electricity - 24-hour security - 2 dedicated parking spaces - Prime, serene, and secure environment This penthouse stands out as a premium offering in Ikoyi, combining exclusivity, luxury lifestyle amenities, and a highly desirable location with strong appreciation potential. Price - ₦1,150,000,000 (Asking Price) Title - Certificate of Occupancy For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Rose: +234 814 922 6187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikoyi, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 3 Toilets
C W Real Estate
3 Units of Well-Maintained 3 Bedroom Apartments in Ikoyi
Featured
14
₦650,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

3 Units of Well-Maintained 3 Bedroom Apartments in Ikoyi

CW08054 3 Units of Well-Maintained 3 Bedroom Apartments in Ikoyi This offering presents three units of spacious and well-maintained 3-bedroom apartments located in the prestigious Ikoyi area. Designed for comfortable family living and strong investment returns, each unit features generous layouts, modern fittings, and access to premium shared amenities within a secure environment. Ideal for investors seeking rental income or buyers looking for multiple units in a prime location, this property combines functionality, convenience, and long-term value. Property Features - 3 spacious bedrooms in each unit - Boys' quarters (BQ) - Spacious living areas - Fitted kitchen - Well-maintained interiors Estate Features - Swimming pool - Lawn tennis court - Fully equipped gym house - Underground parking lot - 24/7 power supply - Secure and well-maintained environment Located in Ikoyi, this property offers excellent accessibility, a serene residential atmosphere, and strong appreciation potential---making it a solid choice for both end-users and investors. Price - ₦650,000,000 (Asking Price) Service Charge - ₦3,500,000 Title - Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Rose: +234 814 922 6187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikoyi, Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Luxury 3-Bedroom Apartment
Featured
7
₦650,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 3-Bedroom Apartment

CW08069 Luxury 3-Bedroom Apartment in Ikoyi Experience premium urban living in one of Ikoyi's most prestigious and sought-after locations. This beautifully designed 3-bedroom apartment offers a perfect blend of comfort, convenience, and modern luxury. Key Features Elevator access Private balcony with serene views 24/7 power supply ️ Fully serviced building Ample parking space ️ Spacious en-suite bedrooms Fitted wardrobes Well-maintained and secure environment Situated in the heart of Ikoyi, it's known for its exclusivity, proximity to top business districts, fine dining, and premium lifestyle amenities. Price: ₦650,000,000 For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Adaeze: 08166315298 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikoyi, Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
C W Real Estate
4 Bedrooms Semi-Detached Duplex
Featured
6
₦500,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

4 Bedrooms Semi-Detached Duplex

CW08135 4 Bedroom Semi-Detached in Ikoyi This versatile semi-detached house is suitable for both commercial and residential use in the prestigious Ikoyi. Offering a balance of comfort and functionality, the property is ideal for families, executives, or investors looking for a prime Ikoyi address with excellent long-term value. Property Features - 4 bedrooms - 3-room Boys' Quarters (BQ) - Spacious living and dining areas - Modern kitchen - Ample parking space - Secure and well-maintained environment - Suitable for commercial or residential use Price - ₦500,000,000 For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Jennifer: 07048089361 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikoyi, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Luxury 5 Bedroom Fully Detached House
Featured
9
₦3,500,000,000

House for sale

Luxury 5 Bedroom Fully Detached House

CW08177 Luxury 5 Bedroom Fully Detached House in Ikoyi Parkview Estate, Ikoyi, Lagos Price: ₦3,500,000,000 Step into sophistication with this stunning 5-bedroom fully detached residence located in the prestigious Parkview Estate, Ikoyi. Designed for high-end living, this home offers a perfect blend of elegance, space, and modern technology. Property Details: Land Size: 500 sqm Located within a secure, gated estate Features: Private swimming pool Central air conditioning system Wet & dry kitchens Private cinema room Walk-in closet Bathtub & shower Elevator access Spacious terrace 2-room boys' quarters (BQ) For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Adaeze: +234 816 631 5298 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Parkview, Ikoyi, Lagos
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Featured
₦4,000,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Prime Land

CWL1423 Prime Land in Ikoyi Bourdillon Road, Ikoyi, Lagos Land Size: 4,417.598 sqm Price: ₦4,000,000 per sqm a rare opportunity to acquire premium land on the prestigious Bourdillon Road---one of Ikoyi's most exclusive and high-value locations. Ideal for luxury residential developments, corporate projects, or mixed-use investments. Title: Federal Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Property Note: Existing structure on site (demolishable) Highlights: Prime, high-demand location Excellent accessibility and infrastructure Suitable for high-end development Strong capital appreciation potential Survey available upon inspection For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Rose: +234 814 922 6187 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Ikoyi, Lagos
C W Real Estate

Showing 2,581–2,601 of 7,125 properties

Area Guide

About Ikoyi, Nigeria

By and large, Ikoyi is a posh neighbourhood with a mishmash of exquisite residential apartments and commercial presence.

Ikoyi borders the Lagos Lagoon and takes up the eastern half of Lagos Island. It is one of the towns that make up the Eti-Osa Local Government Area of Lagos state.

Originally, the British Colonial Governments designated Ikoyi as a residential area for the expatriate community perhaps due to its proximity to the sea. However this arrangement changed with time with big establishments locating their corporate headquarters at Ikoyi. Ikoyi is home to the creme de la creme of the Nigerian society, from diplomats to senior company, business executives and senior public servants.

Read the full area guide
FAQ

Frequently asked questions

There are 7,125 available flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Ikoyi, Lagos. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.