Nigeria Property Centre

Flats for Sale in Lekki, Lagos

There are 7,456 flats for sale in Lekki as of 28 Aug 2026, with an average price of ₦250M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

Neighbourhoods
1st Roundabout 2nd Roundabout 2nd Toll Gate Admiralty Homes Estate Admiralty Road Ajiran Road Alma Beach Estate Alperton Estate Alpha Beach Alpha Beach Estate Alpha Beach Road Arcadia Grove Estate Atlantic Estate Atlantic View Estate Bakare Estate Bayview Estate Bera Estate Bourdillon Court Bridge Gate Estate Brookhill Park Estate Brownstone Estate Buena Vista Estate Cadogan Estate Cadogan Place Estate Canal West Estate Cardogan Estate Carlton Gate Estate Chevron Alternative Route Chevron Drive Chevron Toll Gate Chevy View Estate Chois Gardens Estate Cooplag Gardens Estate Cowrie Creek Estate Cromwell Court Estate Cyberville Estate Eastland Golf Estate Eleganza Estate Elf Estate Estates Estates Estates Estates Fara Park Estate Femi Okunnu Estate Flourish Gate Garden Freedom Way Friends Colony Estate Frisco Court Goshen Estate GRA Green Park Estate Hampton Bay Estate Heirs Park Estate Horizon II Estate House on the Rock HRC Estate Idado Estate Ikota County Estate Ikota Villa Estate Inoyo Havens Estate Itedo Estate Ivy Luxuria Estate Jakande First Gate Jordan Brooke Estates Kusenla Road Lakeview Estate Lekki Conservation Centre Lekki County Estate Lekki Gardens Horizon 1 Lekki Pearl Garden Lekki Scheme 2 Lekki Scheme I LSDPC Estate Maiyegun Beach Estate Manor Gardens Estate Marwa Megamound Estate Melrose Park Estate Milverton Estate Mobil Estate Mobolaji Johnson Estate Napier Gardens Estate New Horizon Estate New Road Nicon Town Northern Foreshore Estate Oba Oyekan Estate Ocean Bay Estate Ocean Breeze Estate Oluwanishola Estate Oral Estate Orchid Estate Orchid Road Paradise Estate Parkview Estate Peach Palms Pearly Gate Estate Periwinkle Lifestyle Estate Pinnock Beach Estate Prime Water View Estate Providence Street Richmond Gate Estate Romay Gardens Estate Royal County Estate Royal Haven Estate Royal Pine Estate Safe Court Apartments Seagate Estate Silicon Valley Estate Southern View Estate South Pointe Estate SPG Road Spring Bay Estate Spring Garden Estate Stillwaters Garden Estate The Grandeur Estate TPDC Estate Treasure Garden Estate Tulip Heaven Estate Twin Lake Estate U3 Estate UPDC Estate Valley Stream Estate Van Daniel Estate Victoria Bay Estate Victoria Crest Estate Victoria Park Estate Victory Park Estate Vintage Park Estate Westend Estate Western Foreshore Estate White Oak Estate Willow Greens Estate Woodland Estate Zion Court Estate

2,081–2,101 of 7,456 properties for sale

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Affordable 2 Bedroom Apartment Fully Furnished with Solar and Elevator
9 photos Video
₦165,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Affordable 2 Bedroom Apartment Fully Furnished with Solar and Elevator

Just listed Ikate, Lekki --- Lagos, Nigeria Fully Furnished 2-Bedroom Seaview Apartment **₦165,000,000 --- There are apartments in Lekki. And then there are apartments that make you stop scrolling. This is the second kind. Situated in the heart of Ikate, Lekki --- one of Lagos Island's most sought-after addresses --- this fully furnished 2-bedroom apartment was designed for people who don't settle. Whether you're relocating to Lagos, investing from abroad, or upgrading your lifestyle locally, this property checks every box without compromise. --- The Property - 2 Bedrooms All En-Suite - Spacious Living Room - Fully Fitted Kitchen --- Microwave & Oven Included - Walk-In Shower Water Heater - Built-In Wardrobes - pop Ceiling Finishing - Stamped Concrete Flooring - Dedicated Car Port (2 Space) --- WHY this property stands out Unobstructed Sea View --- a rare feature in this price bracket. High desirability. Strong resale and rental premium. ️ 10kva Solar Inverter + Lithium Battery --- Stable, uninterrupted power. Zero dependence on the national grid. Lower utility costs from day one. Elevator Access --- Convenience and class in one feature. CCTV Security --- 24/7 surveillance. Peace of mind for residents and investors alike. Fully Furnished & Move-In Ready --- No delays. No additional spend. Arrive and live. --- Location advantage Ikate, Lekki sits within the Lagos Island premium corridor --- minutes from Victoria Island, Oniru, and the Lekki-Epe Expressway. The neighbourhood offers proximity to top restaurants, international schools, hospitals, and business districts --- making it equally attractive for owner-occupiers and high-yield rental investors. For diaspora and international buyers: This location consistently ranks among the highest rental demand zones in Lagos. Short-let yields in this corridor range from ₦10M--₦20M annually, with strong capital appreciation trajectory. --- This property is ideal for: Professionals relocating to Lagos Diaspora buyers seeking a Lagos base Investors targeting premium short-let or long-let income Anyone who wants move-in-ready luxury without the construction wait --- Property Details Location: Ikate, Lekki, Lagos --- Nigeria Asking Price: ₦165,000,000 (Fully Furnished) Bedrooms: 2 All En-Suite Power: 10kva Solar + Lithium Battery Type: Apartment Elevator Building Security: CCTV Controlled Access --- International buyers are welcome. Dollar and pound-equivalent pricing available on request. Virtual tours can be arranged for overseas clients. --- Contact Coach Henry --- The Real Estate Doctor Siyonique Integrated Services +234 813 837 1196 ️ [email protected] Ikota GRA, Lekki, Lagos --- Nigeria Viewings are strictly by appointment. Serious enquiries only. --

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 2 Toilets 2 Parking

Siyonique Integrated Services

Fully Furnished 2 Bedroom Apartment — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
15
₦380,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Fully Furnished 2 Bedroom Apartment

Swimming Pool Fully fitted kitchen - All rooms en-suite - Large master's bedroom with walk-in closet - Guest toilet Modern pop ceiling Ample parking space - Good road network - Snooker

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets 2 Parking
Harry Holmes Real Estates LTD
Luxury 3 Bedroom Apartment — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
5
₦350,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 3 Bedroom Apartment

BRZ-2026-0418 Luxury 3-Bedroom Apartment for sale. Price: ₦350,000,000 (₦350m) Service charge: NYD Title: Governor Consent and C of O Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos. Features: Unfurnished Ample parking space Spacious living area Serene environment Security. For More Information or to Schedule a Viewing: Email: [email protected] WhatsApp: 07055551088 Instagram: @brazenproperties TikTok: @brazen.properties

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds
Brazen Properties Limited
Luxury 3 Bedroom Penthouse with Dedicated Lift, BQ in a Secured Estate — Off Admiralty Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
17
₦400,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 3 Bedroom Penthouse with Dedicated Lift, BQ in a Secured Estate

3 bedroom penthouse flat, with dedicated lift, at Lekki Phase 1 It has 10kva (inverter), 15kwh lithium battery installed with 12 solar panels of 560w each. Price: 400m net

Off Admiralty Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds 3 baths 4 toilets 3 Parking
Azedspec Properties
2 Bedroom Apartment — Megamound Estate, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
4
₦110,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

2 Bedroom Apartment

2 bedroom apartment with General swimming pool At Megamound:Lekki county ikota Price:110m Features & Amenities: 2 Spacious Bedrooms - All rooms en-suite - Spacious Living Area - fully Fitted Kitchen - swimming Pool‍️ - Serene environment - Secure estate Inspection 08134506837_08096727703

Megamound Estate, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets 2 Parking
Vindreck Ventures
Luxury Waterview 2 Bedroom Apartment — Gracefield Island Chevron, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
3
₦165,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury Waterview 2 Bedroom Apartment

Exquisitely finished 1, 2 3 bed apartment/ masionette with elevator, pool and GYM 12 months payment plan available Chevron Lekki Lagos - Golf course - Modern Contemporary Architecture - Elevator - Perfect For AirBnB - Swimming Pool - Fitted Air Conditioning - Gym Facility - Fully Fitted Kitchen - Inbuilt Audio System - Spacious Living Areas - 24 Hours Power - 24 Hours Security - Green Area - Gorgeous Lightings - Astonishing Woodwork - Great Ambiance - Fantastic Location location: Chevron Lekki price: 1 Bed: 125m 2 bed: 165m 3 bed maisonette: 280m

Gracefield Island Chevron, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 3 baths 3 toilets
CRL Real Estate
3 Bedroom Apartment with BQ on the 4th Floor — Primewaterview Garden Estate, Off Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
24
₦210,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

3 Bedroom Apartment with BQ on the 4th Floor

This 3 bedroom apartment is in the well managed Primewaterview Garden Estate that features a communal swimming Pool, children's playground, supermarket, pharmacy, restaurant, parking spaces, elevators, good drainage system with security 24/7, and power supply 24/7. This unit for sale is located on the 4th floor of one of the residential blocks. There's a 3 bedroom without bq on the 4th floor for 160 million The estate comprises of blocks of 3-bedroom and 2-bedroom apartments, and is located off Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1. The Annual Service Charge is 68,000 monthly. Title: Global C of O Kindly call for more information and to schedule a viewing.

Primewaterview Garden Estate, Off Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds 3 baths 4 toilets
17 Three Digital Realtors
Stunning Spacious 2 Bedroom Apartment with Elevator in a Secure Estate — Chevron, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
12
₦125,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Stunning Spacious 2 Bedroom Apartment with Elevator in a Secure Estate

Stunning Spacious 2 Bedroom Apartment with Elevator in a Secure Estate. Title: Governor Consent Building approval Location: Chevron Lekki, Lagos. Price: ₦125,000,000(Front Unit) ₦115,000,000 ( Back Unit) Features: -Brand New -Top of-line finish -Ensuite rooms -Aesthetic pop ceilings -Water heater -Elevator -Spacious open plan kitchen -Kitchen Heat Extractor -Clean Treated water -Spacious living room -Top quality tiles -Ample parking spaces -Good access roads -Flood free -Balconies ----------------------------------------------------- For more inquiries and inspection bookings, Please reach out to Tosin ExceptionalREALTOR via: ️: + 234 810 325 4940 (Call and WhatsApp)

Chevron, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets
Wincovers Realty LTD
2 Bedroom Apartment — Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
9
₦275,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

2 Bedroom Apartment

2bedroom apartment Price: 275M Features En-suite rooms pop with great lightening Water treatment Spacious rooms Spacious living room Balconies Open Plan Fitted kitchen Industrial gas system Secured area etc. Elevator Swimming Pool Gym Location: Freedom Way, Lekki Documents: Governor's Consent and Building approval Bimadek (BMK) Properties Phone Nos; 09135009033 09135009034 08067491442 [email protected] Follow our page on Instagram- @bmkproperties www.Facebook.com/bimadekproperties

Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets
Bimadek Properties Ventures
1 Bedroom Apartment — Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
6
₦180,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

1 Bedroom Apartment

1bedroom apartment Price: 180M Features En-suite rooms pop with great lightening Water treatment Spacious rooms Spacious living room Balconies Open Plan Fitted kitchen Industrial gas system Secured area etc. Elevator Swimming Pool Gym Location: Freedom Way, Lekki Documents: Governor's Consent and Building approval Bimadek (BMK) Properties Phone Nos; 09135009033 09135009034 08067491442 [email protected] Follow our page on Instagram- @bmkproperties www.Facebook.com/bimadekproperties

Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets
Bimadek Properties Ventures
Nicely Spacious 2 Bedroom Apartment +pool & Elevator in a Secure Estate — Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
16
₦180,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Nicely Spacious 2 Bedroom Apartment +pool & Elevator in a Secure Estate

Nicely Spacious 2Bedroom Apartment with Pool & Elevator in a Secure Estate. Title: Governor's Consent Building approval Location: Ikate , Lekki Price : 180M Features: -Brand New -Top of-line finish -Ensuite rooms -Aesthetic pop ceilings -Water heater -Kitchen Heat Extractor -Clean Treated water -Spacious living room -Top quality tiles -Ample parking spaces -Good access roads -Flood free -Swimming pool -Elevator ------------------------------------------------------- For more inquiries and inspection bookings, Please reach out to Tosin ExceptionalREALTOR via: ️: + 234 810 325 4940 (Call and WhatsApp)

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets
Wincovers Realty LTD
Luxury 2 Bedroom Apartment — Off Admitality Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
10
₦400,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 2 Bedroom Apartment

Luxury Apartment Building . 2 Bedroom Apartment offered for sale. N400m . 2 Bedroom Maisonette offered for sale. N420m . Location: Lekki Phase 1, Lagos. . Features: Features: ️Fitted Kitchen ️Living Room ️Balcony ️ensuite Bedrooms ️Prime Location ️24 hour light ️Treated Water ️ Pool ️ Gym ️ Dedicated Car Park ️ Gated Community ️ Serene Environment . . . . . ------------------------------ for enquirers - www.sandsprestige.com - [email protected] - ️ +2348124375342 +2348032391694 - Head Office: Lekki phase 1, Lagos. ----------------------------------- . . . Contact @sandsprestige Today!

Off Admitality Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets 2 Parking
S&sprestige Limited
3 Bedroom Apartment on 1st Floor with C of O — Ikota Villa Estate, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
11
₦55,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

3 Bedroom Apartment on 1st Floor with C of O

Ikota Villa Estate is a well-established and secure gated residential community located along the Lekki-Epe Expressway in Ikota, just after the 2nd Toll Gate. The estate offers a convenient and accessible location within the Lekki axis. It features gated access with 24-hour security patrols and CCTV surveillance, ensuring a safe and controlled environment for residents. The estate also has good road networks, street lighting, and a functional management structure, contributing to its overall organization. This property itself features: - Spacious living room - pop ceilings - Fitted kitchen with cabinets - All rooms ensuite - Wardrobes - Parking space Title: C of O Kindly call for more information and to schedule for viewing.

Ikota Villa Estate, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds 3 baths 4 toilets
17 Three Digital Realtors
Fully Furnished 2 Bedrooms Flat — Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
10
₦280,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Fully Furnished 2 Bedrooms Flat

Now selling Now selling fully furnished 2bedroom flat location ikate , lekki lagos price N280M asking price ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Features: CCTV camera Secure Estate Ample Parking I pop ceiling bath tub modern sanitary wares Living Room All Rooms En-suite Security Doors Quality Light fixtures Fully Fitted Kitchen Gas burner Oven Heat Extractor Water heater spot light furnished swimming pool double door refrigerator inverter For Enquires️ 09011924969 Schedule your private viewing today and secure this exceptional property.

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets 2 Parking
D-Agency Prime Properties Limited
Brand New 2 Bedroom Apartment — Ikate Elegushi, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
11
₦180,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Brand New 2 Bedroom Apartment

Brand New 2-bedroom apartment Features: All rooms ensuite Elevator Fitted kitchen High ceiling Massive terrace Serviced estate Good road with drainage Swimming pool Clean water etc...

Ikate Elegushi, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets
K.M.A Property Management Limited
Luxury 3-Bedroom Penthouse Apartment — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
10
₦750,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 3-Bedroom Penthouse Apartment

BRZ-2026-0384 Luxury 3-Bedroom Penthouse Apartment for sale. Off-plan Title: Governor's consent Price: ₦750,000,000 (₦750m) Service charge: NYD Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos. Features: BQ Smart house tech Concierge Gym Swimming Pool 24/7 cctv 24/7 power Security Elevator Ample parking area. For More Information or to Schedule a Viewing: Email: [email protected] WhatsApp: 07055551088 Instagram: @brazenproperties TikTok: @brazen.properties

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds
Brazen Properties Limited
Beautiful 4 Bedroom Pent House in a Secure Environment — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
17
₦600,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Beautiful 4 Bedroom Pent House in a Secure Environment

Beautiful 4 bedroom pent house in a secure environment in Lekki phase 1 Price : 600m

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets 2 Parking
Walse Luxury and Properties
Spacious 3 Bedroom Penthouse with BQ, Elevator, Swimming Pool, Gym — Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
14
₦300,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Spacious 3 Bedroom Penthouse with BQ, Elevator, Swimming Pool, Gym

Spacious 3 Bedroom Penthouse with BQ, Elevator, swimming pool, Gym suitable for shortlet/Airbnb Price:300M Location: Ikate, Lekki Rental value :15M/Annum Daily Shortlet rate : 150k/day This sophisticated 3-bedroom Penthouse is the epitome of modern living, designed to provide comfort, luxury, and convenience in one of Lagos' most prestigious neighborhoods. Property Features: - ️ 3 Spacious En-suite Bedrooms: Thoughtfully designed with premium fittings, ample natural light, and fitted wardrobes. - ️ Fully Fitted Kitchen: Equipped with modern appliances, sleek countertops, and plenty of storage. - Balcony: Offering serene views and a private outdoor space to relax. - Modern Design: With pop ceilings, premium floor finishes, and contemporary lighting. - Ample Parking: Secure parking space for residents and guests. Estate Perks: - 24/7 Security with gated access. - Well-paved interlocking roads. - Reliable power supply and water system. - Quiet and serene environment, ideal for professionals or small families. Title: Governor's Consent For more enquiries, contact Stephen Whatsapp: 08171969365 Phone: 08136522011, 09155232992 Email: [email protected] We currently have premium homes available for sale across some of Ikoyi, Victoria Island, Lekki Phase 1, Ikate, Salem, Ologolo, Jakande, Osapa London, Agungi, New Road, Chevron, Eleganza, Orchid, Ikota, VGC and Ajah's most sought-after locations, including: Ikate (Cowrie Creek Estate, Hampton Bay Estate, Vintage Park Estate, Brownstone Estate, Seagate Estate, Nicon Town Estate, Palm Springs Estate, Horizon Heights Estate, Salem, Chisco, Kusenla Road, Richmond Gate Estate, Ilasan, Meadow Hallway, Victoria Bay Estate, Montego Bay Estate, New Horizon Estate, Still Waters Garden Estate, Romay Gardens Estate)

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds 3 baths 4 toilets 2 Parking
Idealplace_properties
Luxury 3-Bedroom Massionette — Off Hakeem Dickson, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
11
₦400,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 3-Bedroom Massionette

*for sale : luxury 3-bedroom massionette with lekki phase 1 ₦400m features: -Brand New -Top of-line finish -Ensuite rooms -Aesthetic pop ceilings -Water heater -Kitchen Heat Extractor -Clean Treated water -Spacious living room -Top quality tiles -Ample parking spaces -Good access roads -Flood free -Balconies -Swimming pool -Bq title: Governor Consent & Building approval

Off Hakeem Dickson, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds 3 baths 4 toilets 2 Parking
Chess Point Services
Spacious 2 Bedroom Flat — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
11
₦305,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Spacious 2 Bedroom Flat

Now selling Now selling 2 Bedroom Apartment with Elevator + SwimmingPool (Serviced) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Location : Lekki Phase 1 Price: 305 Million Naira Only ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Features: -Brand New -All Rooms Ensuite -Fitted Kitchen -Elevator -Central Gas -Swimming Pool -Gym -Pop Ceiling -Stamped Concrete Floor -Walk in Closet -24 Hours Security Etc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more details Call +2349011924969,+2347035569186 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Email [email protected]

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets 2 Parking
D-Agency Prime Properties Limited
Fully Furnished 3 Bedroom Apartment — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
8 Video
₦300,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Fully Furnished 3 Bedroom Apartment

Fully Furnished 3 bedroom apartment for sale Location: lekki phase 1, Lekki Lagos. Price: N300M - (Furnished) : N280M - (unfurnished) House Features: All rooms ensuite Spacious rooms Wardrobes Parking space Fully fitted kitchen Top quality finishing Good water Prime location 24hrs security Interlocked exterior flooring Premium quality tiles Secure neighborhood Title: Governor's Consent & Approval️ Visit our website for more properties: https://www.hodisolhome.com.ng Direct.

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds 3 baths 4 toilets
Hodisol Homes and Properties

Showing 2,081–2,101 of 7,456 properties

Area Guide

About Lekki, Lagos

Lekki is a city located in the eastern part of Lagos. Lekki is a naturally formed peninsula, adjoining to its west Victoria Island and Ikoyi districts of Lagos, with the Atlantic Ocean to its south, Lagos Lagoon to the north, and Lekki Lagoon to its east; however, the city's southeast which ends at around the western edge of Refuge Island, adjoins the eastern part of Ibeju-Lekki LGA. 

The peninsula is approximately 70 to 80km long, with an average width of 10km. Lekki currently houses several Estates, gated residential developments, agricultural farmlands, areas allocated for a Free Trade Zone, with an airport, and a sea port under construction. The proposed land use master plan for the Lekki envisages the Peninsula as a "Blue-Green Environment City", expected to accommodate well over 3.4 million residential population and an additional non-residential population of at least 1.9 million.

Read the full area guide
FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of flats for sale in Lekki, Lagos is ₦250,000,000.

The price of the most expensive flats for sale in Lekki, Lagos is ₦800,000,000.

The price of the cheapest flats for sale in Lekki, Lagos is ₦43,000,000.

There are 7,456 available flats for sale in Lekki, Lagos. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.