Nigeria Property Centre

Unfurnished Property for Sale in Estates, Asokoro District, Abuja

There are 264 flats, houses, land and commercial properties for sale in Asokoro District. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

Property type
Flats Houses Commercial Property Land
Neighbourhoods
Admiralty Estate Aso Rock Aso Villa Estates Lillycrest Garden Estate NAF Valley Estate Yakubu Gowon Crescent
Features
Furnished & Unfurnished

81–100 of 264 properties for sale

Brand New Luxury 3 Bedroom Terrace Duplex with 2 Bedroom Bungalow BQ
Premium
24
₦350,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Brand New Luxury 3 Bedroom Terrace Duplex with 2 Bedroom Bungalow BQ

Brand new luxury 3 bedroom terrace duplex with 2 bedroom bungalow boys quarter for sale at naf Valley Estate, Asokoro, FCT, Abuja. Welcome to a rare expression of class, comfort, and sophistication in the prestigious naf Valley Estate, Asokoro where luxury meets serenity. Introducing a brand new, exquisitely finished 3-bedroom terrace duplex complemented by a spacious 2-bedroom bungalow Boys' Quarters, crafted for those who appreciate value. WHY this property stands out: - Contemporary architectural design with premium finishing - Expansive living areas with abundant natural light - Fully fitted modern kitchen with high-end fixtures - All bedrooms en-suite with luxurious detailing - Dedicated 2-bedroom BQ bungalow --- perfect for guests or staff - Ample parking space within a serene, well-planned environment - Located in a highly secured, elite estate with top-notch infrastructure Nestled in the upscale district of Asokoro, this home offers tranquility, prestige, and proximity to key landmarks in Abuja. This is more than a home, it's a statement of success and achievement. This property is designed for high-net-worth individuals who don't negotiate standards. This is not a listing. This is an opportunity window. Price: ₦350million For further enquiries/ arrangement for inspection, please contact: Patrick: +2348177766110 (Call/ WhatsApp) Instagram: esvpatrick Linda: +2348177766332 (Call/ WhatsApp) Bluehedge Realtors - Estate agency and Property marketing - Real estate development and Advisory Tel: +234-8032065685 (Call/ WhatsApp) Website: www.bluehedgerealtors.com Email: [email protected]

Naf Valley Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
3 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 3 Parking
Bluehedge Realtors
Own the Perfect Blend of Business & Luxury Living
Premium
20
₦200,000,000

Office space for sale

Own the Perfect Blend of Business & Luxury Living

The perfect blend of business & luxury living in asokoro, abuja. Imagine running your business from a prestigious location while enjoying the comfort of a luxurious private residence, all in one exceptional property. Now available in the highly sought-after naf Valley Estate is an expansive ground floor office space with a very spacious, luxury 1-bedroom apartment on the first floor. Office space features: - Generous, open-plan layout -- perfect for corporate offices, consulting firms, or executive suites - Excellent accessibility on the ground floor - Serene and professional environment for productivity - Located in a well-secured, high-profile estate luxury apartment features: - Exceptionally spacious 1-bedroom design - Premium finishing with modern fittings - Comfortable living area for relaxation after work - Ideal for executives, business owners, or rental income Estate Highlights: - Top-tier security with controlled access - Well-planned infrastructure & serene surroundings - Premium neighborhood in the heart of Asokoro - Excellent road network and proximity to key districts price: N200million Whether you're an entrepreneur, investor, or corporate professional, this property delivers prestige, convenience, and smart investment value all in one. For further enquiries/ arrangement for inspection, please contact: Patrick: +2348177766110 (Call/ WhatsApp) Instagram: esvpatrick Linda: +2348177766332 (Call/ WhatsApp) Bluehedge Realtors - Estate agency and Property marketing - Real estate development and Advisory Tel: +234-8032065685 (Call/ WhatsApp) Website: www.bluehedgerealtors.com Email: [email protected]

Naf Valley Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
3 Baths 3 Toilets 6 Parking 700 sqm
Bluehedge Realtors
A Rare Opportunity to Own Plots of Land
Premium
22
₦315,000,000 per plot

Residential land for sale

A Rare Opportunity to Own Plots of Land

Just released: a rare opportunity to own plots of land in the prestigious naf valley estate, asokoro, abuja. Own a piece of one of abuja's most exclusive and highly sought-after addresses. These beautiful, premium plots are nestled within the serene, secure, and impeccably planned naf valley estate, asokoro where luxury living meets prestige and long-term value. This is not just land, it is your gateway to building a legacy in a neighbourhood reserved for the elite. Why this stands out: - unbelievably competitive pricing for such a prime location - fully serviced estate with top-tier infrastructure - underground electricity (no unsightly wires, just clean luxury) - smooth asphalted road network - reliable central water supply - surrounded by high-net-worth individuals and distinguished residents - 24/7 presence of uniformed security personnel for maximum peace of mind Whether you're looking to build your dream home or secure a high-value investment, this is the perfect choice in a location that continues to appreciate rapidly. Available plot sizes & prices: 765m² --- ₦315m 890m² --- ₦335m 1,006m² --- ₦360m 1,208m² --- ₦450m 1,445m² --- ₦475m 1,508m² --- ₦498m Very limited plots available! First come, first served, no reservations without commitment Opportunities like this don't wait, and neither should you. For further enquiries/ arrangement for inspection, please contact: Patrick: +2348177766110 (call/ whatsapp) Instagram: esvpatrick Linda: +2348177766332 (call/ whatsapp) Bluehedge realtors - estate agency and property marketing - real estate development and advisory Tel: +234-8032065685 (call/ whatsapp) Website: www. Bluehedgerealtors. Com Email: info@bluehedgerealtors. Com

Asokoro District, Abuja
1508 sqm
Bluehedge Realtors
5-Bedroom Carcass with BQ
Premium
8 Video
₦650,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

5-Bedroom Carcass with BQ

Carcass Property for Sale in a Serene & Secure Estate -- Asokoro a well-structured 5-bedroom carcass with attached Boys' Quarters (BQ), located in one of Asokoro's most serene and secure estates. Land Size: 780sqm Price: 650M Ideal for buyers looking to customize their dream home or make a premium investment. Call: 08032577255 WhatsApp: 08027375270 Schedule your private viewing today! #achieverzproperty #AsokoroRealEstate #LuxuryHomesAbuja #PropertyForSale

Asokoro District, Abuja
5 Beds
Achieverz and Partners
960SQM Residential Plot
Premium
3
₦560,000,000

Residential land for sale

960SQM Residential Plot

For sale 960sqm In Lake View Estate, asokoro Just by Adrialty Estate, this is a beautiful and premium plot in a prime location. Location: Lake View Estate, Asokoro, Abuja Size: 960sqm Topography: Tableland Environment: Serene & high-end neighborhood Price: ₦560m 5% Agency fee applies Perfect for luxury residential or investment development.

Lake View, by Admiralty Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
960 sqm
Gracegate Properties
Brand New 2 Units of 1 Bedroom Apartment
Premium
23
₦65,000,000

Mini flat (room and parlour) for sale

Brand New 2 Units of 1 Bedroom Apartment

Brand new 2 Units of 1 Bedroom Apartments at naf Valley Estate, Asokoro, FCT, Abuja. Features: - Located directly on a tarred road - Excellent space arrangement - En suite bedroom with guests toilet at the parlour - Well fitted kitchen - Constant clean water supply - Steady power supply - Strategically located within the prestigious naf Valley Estate - Solid security doors covering all entry points - Excellent rental and resale values - It is a must-see (This is a real value for money) - Proximity to Admiralty Estate, Mogadishu Barracks, Guzape, aya, Central Area and other parts of Abuja city - Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Price: N65million each For further enquiries/ arrangement for inspection, please contact: Patrick: +2348177766110 (Call/ WhatsApp) Instagram: esvpatrick Linda: +2348177766332 (Call/ WhatsApp) Bluehedge Realtors - Estate agency and Property marketing - Real estate development and Advisory Tel: +234-8032065685 (Call/ WhatsApp) Website: www.bluehedgerealtors.com Email: [email protected]

Naf Valley Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
1 Beds 1 Baths 2 Toilets
Bluehedge Realtors
5-Bedroom Carcass with Basement &BQ
Premium
11 Video
₦850,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

5-Bedroom Carcass with Basement &BQ

5-Bedroom Carcass with Basement & BQ for Sale Asokoro. A spacious 5-bedroom carcass property featuring a basement and Boys' Quarters (BQ), ideal for luxury finishing and full customization. Land Size: 1000sqm Status: Carcass Price:850M Call: 08032577255 WhatsApp: 08027375270 Schedule your private viewing today! #achieverzproperty #LuxuryProperty #PrimeRealEstate #AbujaHomes #PropertyForSale

Asokoro District, Abuja
5 Beds 6 Baths 6 Toilets
Achieverz and Partners
Nicely Done 3 Bedrooms Terraced Duplex
Premium
21
₦230,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Nicely Done 3 Bedrooms Terraced Duplex

For sale 3 bedroom terrace duplex Naf Valley Estate Asokoro 230m 5% agency

Naf Valley Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets 2 Parking
Sunemai Property
5 Bedroom Detached Duplex with Elevator
Premium
10
₦3,500,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

5 Bedroom Detached Duplex with Elevator

Now selling Now selling 5bedroom detached duplex with elevator --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Location. Aso Villa Abuja Price: 3.5B naira --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Features: -Brand New -All Rooms Ensuite -Elevator -Central cooling system -2 Living Rooms -Fitted Kitchen -Pop Ceiling -Security Door -Stamped Concrete Floor -24 Hours Security Etc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more details Call +2349011924969, +2347035569186 Email [email protected] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #D_Agency #d_agencyproperties #islandshortlet #design agency-rent #realestate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Aso Villa, Asokoro District, Abuja
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 5 Parking
D-Agency Prime Properties Limited
5 Bedroom Detached Duplex with BQ (Carcass)
Premium
18
₦450,000,000

House for sale

5 Bedroom Detached Duplex with BQ (Carcass)

For sale 5 bedroom detached duplex with bq (carcass) Admiralty estate asokoro 450m Agency - 5%

Admiralty Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 8 Parking
Sunemai Property
A Luxurious Fully Detached Duplex of 6 Bedrooms
Premium
6
₦2,500,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

A Luxurious Fully Detached Duplex of 6 Bedrooms

Detached 6-Bedroom Duplex Sunrise District, Asokoro - 793m² Currently 60% complete, 6 with a guaranteed handover by June 2026. Features include 6 bedrooms, a separate Boys' Quarter, a private lift, and pre-installed A/C systems. Includes an in-ground pool (removable at buyer's request). Sold without appliances/furniture. Price: ₦2.5 Billion - CofO & titles 100% secured. - *Contractor fully paid*- no liens. - Optional turnkey furnishing via Julius Berger. A prime, near-completion property with assured timeline and title. Listing Code: 2005

Sunrise Hill Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
6 Beds 6 Baths 7 Toilets
Otto H&o Limited
Bespoke and Fully Serviced 6 Bedroom Detached Duplex + BQ
Premium
18
₦1,500,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Bespoke and Fully Serviced 6 Bedroom Detached Duplex + BQ

Just Listed! This is a Bespoke and Well Crafted 6Bedrooms Detached Duplex with an attached one Room Maids Quarters. This home comes Fully Serviced with contemporary Amenities and offers Convenience, Lifestyle and Serenity to the Home Purchaser. Key features: - 6Beds. 6.5Baths - 2 Living Rooms - ( 1) One Room Boys Quarters - Family lounge - Home salon - Laundry area - Swimming pool - Cordoned perimeter - 30kva inverter/ Solar Power - Fully Air conditioned Home - Pantry - CCTV camera - ⁠Carport for 3 Cars Listed Price: N1.5bn Professional Fees: 5% Applies Enquiries: Arinze Onovo Consulting (Chartered Estate Surveyors & Valuers) www.arinzeonovo.com @Arinzeonovoconsulting [email protected]

Off Ty Danjuma Street, Asokoro District, Abuja
6 Beds 8 Baths 7 Toilets 5 Parking
Arinze Onovo Consulting
Partly Furnished, Brand New Luxurious 4-Bedroom Semi-Detached Duplex
Premium
25
₦450,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

Partly Furnished, Brand New Luxurious 4-Bedroom Semi-Detached Duplex

Partly furnished, brand new luxurious 4-Bedroom Semi-Detached Duplex with BQ at naf Valley Estate, Asokoro, Abuja. Welcome to a home that redefines elegance, comfort, and prestige; a place where sophistication meets serenity in the heart of Asokoro's most exclusive neighborhood, naf Valley Estate. This magnificent 4-bedroom semi-detached duplex with Boys Quarter isn't just a property; it's a statement of class, a reflection of taste, and a home built for those who appreciate the finer things in life. Step through the doors and experience a world of refined luxury from the expansive living spaces bathed in natural light, to the beautifully finished interiors that exude warmth and style. Every detail whispers comfort, every finish speaks quality. Features that set this property apart: - 4 spacious ensuite bedrooms designed for absolute privacy and relaxation. - Grand living and dining areas ideal for family moments and elegant entertaining - Fully fitted modern kitchen with premium cabinetry and appliances - Boys Quarter (BQ) for staff or guests' convenience -Beautifully landscaped compound with ample parking - 24-hour security and reliable power supply - Located in a highly serene, private, and prestigious gated estate Whether you're looking for a dream home or a valuable investment in Abuja's elite district, this property offers unmatched comfort, security, and status --- everything you desire in one perfect address. A home like this doesn't just provide shelter, it provides a lifestyle, a feeling, and a legacy. Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Price: ₦450,000,000 For further enquiries/ arrangement for inspection, please contact: Patrick: +2348177766110 (Call/ WhatsApp) Instagram: esvpatrick Linda: +2348177766332 (Call/ WhatsApp) Bluehedge Realtors - Estate agency and Property marketing - Real estate development and Advisory Tel: +234-8032065685 (Call/ WhatsApp) Website: www.bluehedgerealtors.com Email: [email protected]

Naf Valley Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
4 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 4 Parking
Bluehedge Realtors
Strategically Located Prime 1, 700 SQM of Land
Premium
10
₦80,000,000

Mixed-use land for sale

Strategically Located Prime 1, 700 SQM of Land

Strategically located prime 1,700 sqm of land at Kugbo by Asokoro, FCT, Abuja. Own a strategically located 1,700 square metres of dry, flat, and partly fenced land in Kugbo, beautifully overlooking the ever-busy Abuja--Keffi Road, one of Abuja's fastest-growing and most visible corridors. This is not just land; it is a rare opportunity to secure a property with exceptional road presence, perfect for commercial developments, mixed-use projects, showrooms, warehouses, or a high-yield residential estate. WHY this property stands out: - Prime frontage & excellent visibility on Abuja--Keffi Road - Dry, flat terrain -- ready for immediate development - Partly fenced for added security and value - Well-positioned in a rapidly developing axis - Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) - High appreciation potential in a thriving location With infrastructure expanding rapidly in Kugbo, this property offers maximum return on investment for developers, investors, and smart land bankers. This is the kind of opportunity that doesn't stay long on the market. Price: ₦80,000,000 For further enquiries/ arrangement for inspection, please contact: Patrick: +2348177766110 (Call/ WhatsApp) Instagram: esvpatrick Linda: +2348177766332 (Call/ WhatsApp) Bluehedge Realtors - Estate agency and Property marketing - Real estate development and Advisory Tel: +234-8032065685 (Call/ WhatsApp) Website: www.bluehedgerealtors.com Email: [email protected]

Kugbo, Asokoro District, Abuja
1700 sqm
Bluehedge Realtors
Newly Built 4-Bedroom Terrace House with BQ
Premium
25
₦450,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Newly Built 4-Bedroom Terrace House with BQ

Newly built 4-bedroom terrace house with BQ at asokoro, abuja. Step into the heart of Abuja's most elite neighborhood and secure a prime investment that speaks class, comfort, and capital appreciation. This newly built 4 bedroom terrace house with a Boys' Quarter being sold as-is at 85% completion, presents a unique opportunity to custom-finish to your taste while owning property in Asokoro, Abuja's most exclusive and secure district. Property Features: - Spacious 4 ensuite bedrooms designed for comfort and elegance - Boys' Quarter (BQ) for added space - Modern architectural design with generous living spaces - Located in a serene, secure, and highly prestigious environment - Ideal for luxury living, diplomatic residence, or high-end investment - Strong potential for excellent rental yield and long-term value growth Whether you're a discerning homeowner or a strategic investor, properties like this in Asokoro rarely come to market especially at this stage where you can still add your personal finishing touches. Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Price: ₦450 Million For further enquiries/ arrangement for inspection, please contact: Patrick: +2348177766110 (Call/ WhatsApp) Instagram: esvpatrick Linda: +2348177766332 (Call/ WhatsApp) Bluehedge Realtors - Estate agency and Property marketing - Real estate development and Advisory Tel: +234-8032065685 (Call/ WhatsApp) Website: www.bluehedgerealtors.com Email: [email protected]

Hamza Abdullahi Close, Asokoro District, Abuja
4 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 4 Parking
Bluehedge Realtors
Premium
₦950,000,000

Block of flats for sale

4 Bedroom Penthouse

️ malibu hills, asokoro -- where luxury meets exclusivity ️ 85 private residences abuja's most prestigious address Own a home in abuja's crown jewel --- designed for global investors, top execs & visionaries who value sophistication, serenity & status. developed by kodai construction (dubai qatar nigeria) features world-class lifestyle amenities: swimming pool (adults/kids) spa & salon cinema restaurant indoor & outdoor gym tennis & basketball court concierge 24/7 security kids' playground crèche green areas private lifts unit options & prelaunch pricing 3-bedroom apartments -- from n400m 4-bedroom apartments -- from n650m 4-bed penthouses -- from n950m 5-bed penthouses/villas -- from n1. 3b payment plans: 3 -- 12 months initial deposit: 30% this isn't just real estate. It's malibu hills -- where prestige lives.

Asokoro District, Abuja
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
Rems
Newly Built 4 Bedrooms Terraced Duplex with BQ
Premium
9
₦650,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Newly Built 4 Bedrooms Terraced Duplex with BQ

Now selling Now selling 4 bedroom terrace duplex with BQ --------------------------------------------------------- Location. Aso Drive Abuja Price: 650 Millipn Naira Only ---------------------------------------------------------- Features: -Brand New -All Rooms Ensuite -Fitted Kitchen -Pop Ceiling -Cctv Surveillance Camera -24 Hours Security Etc ---------------------------------------------------------- For more details Call 09011924969 \07035569186 Email E [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #abujaapartments #abujarealestate #abujarealtor #abujaproperties #rent #sale #realestateagent #abujaagents #gwarinpa #kado #lifecamp #garki #utako #mbora #karsana #guzape #kabusa #wuse2 #katampeextension #asokoro #maitama #jabi #jahi #wuye #mabushi #apo #dawaki #kulwa #Wuse #luxuryrealestate

Aso Drive, Asokoro District, Abuja
4 Beds 4 Baths 6 Toilets 3 Parking
D-Agency Prime Properties Limited
Brand New 7 Bedrooms Detached Duplex with Elevator and a Room BQ
Premium
14
₦2,200,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Brand New 7 Bedrooms Detached Duplex with Elevator and a Room BQ

Brand new 7-bedroom detached duplex with elevator and a room BQ for sale in asokoro abuja sale price: ₦2,200,000,000 (₦2B) features: 》7 Bedrooms En-suite 》1 BQ (Attached and En-suite) 》4 Living Rooms 》1 Spacious Kitchen 》1 Kitchenette 》Intercom Telephones 》CCTV Facility Coverage 》Israeli Security Doors 》Adequate Car Park 》Security House 》Individually fenced houses 》Well-lit Estate Perimeter Fence 》Equipped Estate Security 》a Borehole Water Supply 》An Elevator 》a Smart Home Facility 》Title: Letter of Allocation 》C of O is available. 》R of O and deed of partitioning have been applied for and are in process. 5% Agency fee applies For Inspection ️ 07014115609 [email protected] www.alphardlimited.com #abujarealestate #abujarealestateagents #realestate #alphardlimited #realestate #nigeria #abujarealtor #abujapropertyforsale #abujaproperty #abuja #forsale #realestateagentsabuja #forsale #houseforsale #propertymanagement #abujaproperty #newlisting #Asokoro

Asokoro District, Abuja
7 Beds 3 Baths 8 Toilets 6 Parking
Alphard Limited
Brand New Luxury 4-Bedroom Detached Duplex with BQ
Premium
25
₦500,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Brand New Luxury 4-Bedroom Detached Duplex with BQ

Now selling: Brand New Luxury 4-Bedroom Detached Duplex with BQ in naf Valley Estate, Asokoro, FCT, Abuja. This is more than a home---it's a statement of class and a smart investment in one of Abuja's finest residential addresses. Step into elegance, comfort, and timeless style in one of Abuja's most prestigious and secure estates. Property Features: ️ Brand New & Beautifully Finished ️ 4 Spacious Bedrooms All Ensuite ️ Dedicated Boys' Quarter ️ Expansive Living & Dining Areas ️ Modern Fitted Kitchen with Pantry ️ Ample Parking & Private Compound ️ Quality Finishings & Attention to Detail ️ Well-Designed Layout for Comfort & Functionality Estate Features: Located in the highly secured naf Valley Estate, Asokoro Well-organized, serene, and family-friendly environment 24/7 Security & Access Control Paved Roads, Streetlights, and Green Landscaping Proximity to Central Area, Government Institutions & Diplomatic Zones Price: ₦500 Million For further enquiries/ arrangement for inspection, please contact: Patrick: +2348177766110 (Call/ WhatsApp) Instagram: esvpatrick Linda: +2348177766332 (Call/ WhatsApp) Bluehedge Realtors - Estate agency and Property marketing - Real estate development and Advisory Tel: +234-8032065685 (Call/ WhatsApp) Website: www.bluehedgerealtors.com Email: [email protected]

Naf Valley Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
4 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 4 Parking
Bluehedge Realtors
Premium Office/Shop Spaces
Premium
4
₦90,000,000

Plaza / complex / mall for sale

Premium Office/Shop Spaces

Strategically located in the heart of Asokoro --- one of Abuja's most exclusive and secure neighborhoods --- this premium commercial space offers the perfect setting for businesses seeking visibility, prestige, and accessibility. For inspection or further inquiries, please contact 07081 999 906

Naf Valley Estate, Asokoro District, Abuja
1 Toilets
5NND

Showing 81–100 of 264 properties

Area Guide

About Asokoro District, Nigeria

Asokoro district is a major district in Abuja which is high class and pretty much a secured area. It contains all the lodges and guest houses found in Abuja. Properties/land in this district are generally very expensive. The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest. Asokoro is to the east of Garki District and south of Central District. It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers; in addition, the Presidential Palace (commonly referred to as the Aso Rock).

The Ibb Golf Club and The National Children's Park and Zoo are among the attractions found in this district. Some of the major roads in Asokoro include Mutala Mohammed Way, Yakubu Gowon Cresecent, Maitama Sule Street, Julius Nyerere Crescent, Kwame Nkrumah Crescent, and Nelson Mandela Street. 

Read the full area guide
FAQ

Frequently asked questions

There are 264 available furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Estates, Asokoro District, Abuja. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.